Before the application and design of formwork system, one should have a basic understanding of how pouring materials in the formwork system exert pressure on the whole system. It is reported that concrete exert lateral pressure on the formwork system, and the whole formwork system is designed according to these lateral forces.

The factors affect lateral concrete pressure on formwork can be listed as follows:

1. Type of pouring materials(cement)

2. Pouring rate

3. Height of pouring materials(concrete)

4. Weight of pouring materials(concrete)

5. Concrete slump (water-cement ratio)

6. Vibration

7. Operating temperature

8. Chemical additives

1. Type of Pouring Materials (Cement)

The cement type will influence the rate at which concrete hardens. A high early strength concrete will harden faster than normal concrete and will allow a faster pour rate. When using a block of cement which alters the normal set and hardening time, be sure to adjust the pour rate accordingly.

2. Pouring Rate

Concrete pressure at any point on the form is directly proportional to the height of liquid concrete above it. If concrete begins to harden before the pour is complete, the full liquid head will not develop and the pressure against the forms will be less than if the pour were completed before any of concrete hardened.

Once the concrete hardens it cannot exert more pressure on the forms even though liquid concrete continues to be placed above it. The following diagrams illustrate how to form pressure varies when the pour rate is increased from one level to another level. For ease of explanation, it is assumed that concrete hardens in one hour (typically) at 21°C.

3. Height of Pouring Materials (Concrete)

Before concrete hardens, it acts like a liquid and pushes against the forms the way water presses against the walls of a storage tank. The amount of pressure at any point on the form is directly determined by the height and weight of the concrete above it. The pressure is not affected by the thickness of the wall.

4. Weight of Pouring Materials (Concrete)

The pressure exerted against the forms is directly proportional to the unit weight of concrete.

5. Concrete Slump

When the concrete has a very low slump, it acts less like a liquid and will transmit less pressure. When using concrete with a slump greater than 100 mm, the formwork should be designed to resist full liquid head.

6. Vibration

Internal vibration consolidates concrete and causes it to behave like a pure liquid. If concrete is not vibrated, it will exert less pressure on the forms. ACI recommended formulas for form pressures may be reduced by 10% if the concrete is spaded rather than internally vibrated. Re-vibration and external vibration result in higher form loads than internal vibration. These types of vibration require specially designed forms.

7. Operating Temperature

The time it takes concrete to harden is influenced greatly by its temperature. The higher the temperature of the concrete, the quicker it will harden. Most formwork designs are based on an assumed average air and concrete temperature of 21°C.

At low air temperatures, the hardening of concrete is delayed and you need to decrease your pour rate or heat your concrete to keep the pressure against the formwork from increasing.

Ideally, concrete should be poured at temperatures between 16°C and 38°C. Outside this temperature range, there is often insufficient moisture available for curing. If adequate water for curing is not available or freezes, the strength of the concrete will suffer.

8. Chemical additives

When using chemical additives – i.e. retarders, plasticizers, etc. – make sure to refer to the vendor’s application data.

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